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The Epic Interactive Encyclopedia 1998
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Epic Interactive Encyclopedia, The - 1998 Edition (1998)(Epic Marketing).iso
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National_debt
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Debt incurred by the central government of a
country to its own people and institutions,
and also to overseas creditors. If it does
not wish to raise taxes to finance its
activities, a government can borrow from the
public by means of selling interest-bearing
bonds, for example, or from abroad.
Traditionally, a major cause of incurring
national debt was the cost of war but in
recent decades governments have borrowed
heavily in order to finance development or
nationalization, to support an ailing
currency, or to avoid raising taxation. On 31
Mar 1988 the UK national debt was 197,295
million, or 3,465 per head of population.
Government budgets are often planned with a
deficit that is funded by overseas borrowing.
In the 1980s most governments adopted
monetary policies designed to limit their
borrowing requirements, both to reduce the
cost of servicing the debt and because
borrowing money tends to cause inflation. In
Britain the national debt is managed by the
Bank of England, under the control of the
Treasury. The first issue of government stock
in Britain was made in 1693, to raise a loan
of 1 million. Historically, increases of the
national debt have been caused by wartime
expenditure; thus after the War of the
Spanish Succession 1701-14 it reached 54
million. By 1900 it had been brought down to
610 million but World War I forced it up, by
1920, to 7,828 million and World War II, by
1945, to 21,870,221,651. Since then other
factors have increased the national debt,
including nationalization expenditure and
overseas borrowing to support the pound.
However, as a proportion of gross domestic
product, the national debt has fallen since
1945 and stabilized at about 40-45%. In the
1970s it stood at over 35,000 million. As a
proportion of gross national product, net
government debt in the UK has been falling
steadily since 1975 when it stood at 58% and
by 1988 it was only 45%. By contrast, in
Italy, it continued to increase growing from
60% to 110% over the same period. The US
national debt $2,436,453,269 in 1870, was
$1,132,357,095 in 1905, but had risen to
$24,299,321,467 by 1920 and it has since
risen almost continuously, reaching
$1,823,103 million in 1985. In the USA the
net government debt as a proportion of gross
national product rose steadily in the 1980s
from only 19% in 1981 to 31% in 1988, as its
borrowing increased to finance a huge influx
of imported goods.