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- Debt incurred by the central government of a
- country to its own people and institutions,
- and also to overseas creditors. If it does
- not wish to raise taxes to finance its
- activities, a government can borrow from the
- public by means of selling interest-bearing
- bonds, for example, or from abroad.
- Traditionally, a major cause of incurring
- national debt was the cost of war but in
- recent decades governments have borrowed
- heavily in order to finance development or
- nationalization, to support an ailing
- currency, or to avoid raising taxation. On 31
- Mar 1988 the UK national debt was 197,295
- million, or 3,465 per head of population.
- Government budgets are often planned with a
- deficit that is funded by overseas borrowing.
- In the 1980s most governments adopted
- monetary policies designed to limit their
- borrowing requirements, both to reduce the
- cost of servicing the debt and because
- borrowing money tends to cause inflation. In
- Britain the national debt is managed by the
- Bank of England, under the control of the
- Treasury. The first issue of government stock
- in Britain was made in 1693, to raise a loan
- of 1 million. Historically, increases of the
- national debt have been caused by wartime
- expenditure; thus after the War of the
- Spanish Succession 1701-14 it reached 54
- million. By 1900 it had been brought down to
- 610 million but World War I forced it up, by
- 1920, to 7,828 million and World War II, by
- 1945, to 21,870,221,651. Since then other
- factors have increased the national debt,
- including nationalization expenditure and
- overseas borrowing to support the pound.
- However, as a proportion of gross domestic
- product, the national debt has fallen since
- 1945 and stabilized at about 40-45%. In the
- 1970s it stood at over 35,000 million. As a
- proportion of gross national product, net
- government debt in the UK has been falling
- steadily since 1975 when it stood at 58% and
- by 1988 it was only 45%. By contrast, in
- Italy, it continued to increase growing from
- 60% to 110% over the same period. The US
- national debt $2,436,453,269 in 1870, was
- $1,132,357,095 in 1905, but had risen to
- $24,299,321,467 by 1920 and it has since
- risen almost continuously, reaching
- $1,823,103 million in 1985. In the USA the
- net government debt as a proportion of gross
- national product rose steadily in the 1980s
- from only 19% in 1981 to 31% in 1988, as its
- borrowing increased to finance a huge influx
- of imported goods.
-